| CVE |
Vendors |
Products |
Updated |
CVSS v3.1 |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
dmaengine: at_hdmac: fix device leak on of_dma_xlate()
Make sure to drop the reference taken when looking up the DMA platform
device during of_dma_xlate() when releasing channel resources.
Note that commit 3832b78b3ec2 ("dmaengine: at_hdmac: add missing
put_device() call in at_dma_xlate()") fixed the leak in a couple of
error paths but the reference is still leaking on successful allocation. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
dmaengine: bcm-sba-raid: fix device leak on probe
Make sure to drop the reference taken when looking up the mailbox device
during probe on probe failures and on driver unbind. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
dmaengine: dw: dmamux: fix OF node leak on route allocation failure
Make sure to drop the reference taken to the DMA master OF node also on
late route allocation failures. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
dmaengine: stm32: dmamux: fix device leak on route allocation
Make sure to drop the reference taken when looking up the DMA mux
platform device during route allocation.
Note that holding a reference to a device does not prevent its driver
data from going away so there is no point in keeping the reference. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
dmaengine: ti: dma-crossbar: fix device leak on am335x route allocation
Make sure to drop the reference taken when looking up the crossbar
platform device during am335x route allocation. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
dmaengine: idxd: fix device leaks on compat bind and unbind
Make sure to drop the reference taken when looking up the idxd device as
part of the compat bind and unbind sysfs interface. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
dmaengine: tegra-adma: Fix use-after-free
A use-after-free bug exists in the Tegra ADMA driver when audio streams
are terminated, particularly during XRUN conditions. The issue occurs
when the DMA buffer is freed by tegra_adma_terminate_all() before the
vchan completion tasklet finishes accessing it.
The race condition follows this sequence:
1. DMA transfer completes, triggering an interrupt that schedules the
completion tasklet (tasklet has not executed yet)
2. Audio playback stops, calling tegra_adma_terminate_all() which
frees the DMA buffer memory via kfree()
3. The scheduled tasklet finally executes, calling vchan_complete()
which attempts to access the already-freed memory
Since tasklets can execute at any time after being scheduled, there is
no guarantee that the buffer will remain valid when vchan_complete()
runs.
Fix this by properly synchronizing the virtual channel completion:
- Calling vchan_terminate_vdesc() in tegra_adma_stop() to mark the
descriptors as terminated instead of freeing the descriptor.
- Add the callback tegra_adma_synchronize() that calls
vchan_synchronize() which kills any pending tasklets and frees any
terminated descriptors.
Crash logs:
[ 337.427523] BUG: KASAN: use-after-free in vchan_complete+0x124/0x3b0
[ 337.427544] Read of size 8 at addr ffff000132055428 by task swapper/0/0
[ 337.427562] Call trace:
[ 337.427564] dump_backtrace+0x0/0x320
[ 337.427571] show_stack+0x20/0x30
[ 337.427575] dump_stack_lvl+0x68/0x84
[ 337.427584] print_address_description.constprop.0+0x74/0x2b8
[ 337.427590] kasan_report+0x1f4/0x210
[ 337.427598] __asan_load8+0xa0/0xd0
[ 337.427603] vchan_complete+0x124/0x3b0
[ 337.427609] tasklet_action_common.constprop.0+0x190/0x1d0
[ 337.427617] tasklet_action+0x30/0x40
[ 337.427623] __do_softirq+0x1a0/0x5c4
[ 337.427628] irq_exit+0x110/0x140
[ 337.427633] handle_domain_irq+0xa4/0xe0
[ 337.427640] gic_handle_irq+0x64/0x160
[ 337.427644] call_on_irq_stack+0x20/0x4c
[ 337.427649] do_interrupt_handler+0x7c/0x90
[ 337.427654] el1_interrupt+0x30/0x80
[ 337.427659] el1h_64_irq_handler+0x18/0x30
[ 337.427663] el1h_64_irq+0x7c/0x80
[ 337.427667] cpuidle_enter_state+0xe4/0x540
[ 337.427674] cpuidle_enter+0x54/0x80
[ 337.427679] do_idle+0x2e0/0x380
[ 337.427685] cpu_startup_entry+0x2c/0x70
[ 337.427690] rest_init+0x114/0x130
[ 337.427695] arch_call_rest_init+0x18/0x24
[ 337.427702] start_kernel+0x380/0x3b4
[ 337.427706] __primary_switched+0xc0/0xc8 |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
dm-verity: disable recursive forward error correction
There are two problems with the recursive correction:
1. It may cause denial-of-service. In fec_read_bufs, there is a loop that
has 253 iterations. For each iteration, we may call verity_hash_for_block
recursively. There is a limit of 4 nested recursions - that means that
there may be at most 253^4 (4 billion) iterations. Red Hat QE team
actually created an image that pushes dm-verity to this limit - and this
image just makes the udev-worker process get stuck in the 'D' state.
2. It doesn't work. In fec_read_bufs we store data into the variable
"fio->bufs", but fio bufs is shared between recursive invocations, if
"verity_hash_for_block" invoked correction recursively, it would
overwrite partially filled fio->bufs. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
crypto: seqiv - Do not use req->iv after crypto_aead_encrypt
As soon as crypto_aead_encrypt is called, the underlying request
may be freed by an asynchronous completion. Thus dereferencing
req->iv after it returns is invalid.
Instead of checking req->iv against info, create a new variable
unaligned_info and use it for that purpose instead. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
ext4: fix string copying in parse_apply_sb_mount_options()
strscpy_pad() can't be used to copy a non-NUL-term string into a NUL-term
string of possibly bigger size. Commit 0efc5990bca5 ("string.h: Introduce
memtostr() and memtostr_pad()") provides additional information in that
regard. So if this happens, the following warning is observed:
strnlen: detected buffer overflow: 65 byte read of buffer size 64
WARNING: CPU: 0 PID: 28655 at lib/string_helpers.c:1032 __fortify_report+0x96/0xc0 lib/string_helpers.c:1032
Modules linked in:
CPU: 0 UID: 0 PID: 28655 Comm: syz-executor.3 Not tainted 6.12.54-syzkaller-00144-g5f0270f1ba00 #0
Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS 1.16.3-debian-1.16.3-2 04/01/2014
RIP: 0010:__fortify_report+0x96/0xc0 lib/string_helpers.c:1032
Call Trace:
<TASK>
__fortify_panic+0x1f/0x30 lib/string_helpers.c:1039
strnlen include/linux/fortify-string.h:235 [inline]
sized_strscpy include/linux/fortify-string.h:309 [inline]
parse_apply_sb_mount_options fs/ext4/super.c:2504 [inline]
__ext4_fill_super fs/ext4/super.c:5261 [inline]
ext4_fill_super+0x3c35/0xad00 fs/ext4/super.c:5706
get_tree_bdev_flags+0x387/0x620 fs/super.c:1636
vfs_get_tree+0x93/0x380 fs/super.c:1814
do_new_mount fs/namespace.c:3553 [inline]
path_mount+0x6ae/0x1f70 fs/namespace.c:3880
do_mount fs/namespace.c:3893 [inline]
__do_sys_mount fs/namespace.c:4103 [inline]
__se_sys_mount fs/namespace.c:4080 [inline]
__x64_sys_mount+0x280/0x300 fs/namespace.c:4080
do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/common.c:52 [inline]
do_syscall_64+0x64/0x140 arch/x86/entry/common.c:83
entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x76/0x7e
Since userspace is expected to provide s_mount_opts field to be at most 63
characters long with the ending byte being NUL-term, use a 64-byte buffer
which matches the size of s_mount_opts, so that strscpy_pad() does its job
properly. Return with error if the user still managed to provide a
non-NUL-term string here.
Found by Linux Verification Center (linuxtesting.org) with Syzkaller. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
SUNRPC: svcauth_gss: avoid NULL deref on zero length gss_token in gss_read_proxy_verf
A zero length gss_token results in pages == 0 and in_token->pages[0]
is NULL. The code unconditionally evaluates
page_address(in_token->pages[0]) for the initial memcpy, which can
dereference NULL even when the copy length is 0. Guard the first
memcpy so it only runs when length > 0. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
via_wdt: fix critical boot hang due to unnamed resource allocation
The VIA watchdog driver uses allocate_resource() to reserve a MMIO
region for the watchdog control register. However, the allocated
resource was not given a name, which causes the kernel resource tree
to contain an entry marked as "<BAD>" under /proc/iomem on x86
platforms.
During boot, this unnamed resource can lead to a critical hang because
subsequent resource lookups and conflict checks fail to handle the
invalid entry properly. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
crypto: af_alg - zero initialize memory allocated via sock_kmalloc
Several crypto user API contexts and requests allocated with
sock_kmalloc() were left uninitialized, relying on callers to
set fields explicitly. This resulted in the use of uninitialized
data in certain error paths or when new fields are added in the
future.
The ACVP patches also contain two user-space interface files:
algif_kpp.c and algif_akcipher.c. These too rely on proper
initialization of their context structures.
A particular issue has been observed with the newly added
'inflight' variable introduced in af_alg_ctx by commit:
67b164a871af ("crypto: af_alg - Disallow multiple in-flight AIO requests")
Because the context is not memset to zero after allocation,
the inflight variable has contained garbage values. As a result,
af_alg_alloc_areq() has incorrectly returned -EBUSY randomly when
the garbage value was interpreted as true:
https://github.com/gregkh/linux/blame/master/crypto/af_alg.c#L1209
The check directly tests ctx->inflight without explicitly
comparing against true/false. Since inflight is only ever set to
true or false later, an uninitialized value has triggered
-EBUSY failures. Zero-initializing memory allocated with
sock_kmalloc() ensures inflight and other fields start in a known
state, removing random issues caused by uninitialized data. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
net: hns3: add VLAN id validation before using
Currently, the VLAN id may be used without validation when
receive a VLAN configuration mailbox from VF. The length of
vlan_del_fail_bmap is BITS_TO_LONGS(VLAN_N_VID). It may cause
out-of-bounds memory access once the VLAN id is bigger than
or equal to VLAN_N_VID.
Therefore, VLAN id needs to be checked to ensure it is within
the range of VLAN_N_VID. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
KVM: x86: Fix VM hard lockup after prolonged inactivity with periodic HV timer
When advancing the target expiration for the guest's APIC timer in periodic
mode, set the expiration to "now" if the target expiration is in the past
(similar to what is done in update_target_expiration()). Blindly adding
the period to the previous target expiration can result in KVM generating
a practically unbounded number of hrtimer IRQs due to programming an
expired timer over and over. In extreme scenarios, e.g. if userspace
pauses/suspends a VM for an extended duration, this can even cause hard
lockups in the host.
Currently, the bug only affects Intel CPUs when using the hypervisor timer
(HV timer), a.k.a. the VMX preemption timer. Unlike the software timer,
a.k.a. hrtimer, which KVM keeps running even on exits to userspace, the
HV timer only runs while the guest is active. As a result, if the vCPU
does not run for an extended duration, there will be a huge gap between
the target expiration and the current time the vCPU resumes running.
Because the target expiration is incremented by only one period on each
timer expiration, this leads to a series of timer expirations occurring
rapidly after the vCPU/VM resumes.
More critically, when the vCPU first triggers a periodic HV timer
expiration after resuming, advancing the expiration by only one period
will result in a target expiration in the past. As a result, the delta
may be calculated as a negative value. When the delta is converted into
an absolute value (tscdeadline is an unsigned u64), the resulting value
can overflow what the HV timer is capable of programming. I.e. the large
value will exceed the VMX Preemption Timer's maximum bit width of
cpu_preemption_timer_multi + 32, and thus cause KVM to switch from the
HV timer to the software timer (hrtimers).
After switching to the software timer, periodic timer expiration callbacks
may be executed consecutively within a single clock interrupt handler,
because hrtimers honors KVM's request for an expiration in the past and
immediately re-invokes KVM's callback after reprogramming. And because
the interrupt handler runs with IRQs disabled, restarting KVM's hrtimer
over and over until the target expiration is advanced to "now" can result
in a hard lockup.
E.g. the following hard lockup was triggered in the host when running a
Windows VM (only relevant because it used the APIC timer in periodic mode)
after resuming the VM from a long suspend (in the host).
NMI watchdog: Watchdog detected hard LOCKUP on cpu 45
...
RIP: 0010:advance_periodic_target_expiration+0x4d/0x80 [kvm]
...
RSP: 0018:ff4f88f5d98d8ef0 EFLAGS: 00000046
RAX: fff0103f91be678e RBX: fff0103f91be678e RCX: 00843a7d9e127bcc
RDX: 0000000000000002 RSI: 0052ca4003697505 RDI: ff440d5bfbdbd500
RBP: ff440d5956f99200 R08: ff2ff2a42deb6a84 R09: 000000000002a6c0
R10: 0122d794016332b3 R11: 0000000000000000 R12: ff440db1af39cfc0
R13: ff440db1af39cfc0 R14: ffffffffc0d4a560 R15: ff440db1af39d0f8
FS: 00007f04a6ffd700(0000) GS:ff440db1af380000(0000) knlGS:000000e38a3b8000
CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033
CR2: 000000d5651feff8 CR3: 000000684e038002 CR4: 0000000000773ee0
PKRU: 55555554
Call Trace:
<IRQ>
apic_timer_fn+0x31/0x50 [kvm]
__hrtimer_run_queues+0x100/0x280
hrtimer_interrupt+0x100/0x210
? ttwu_do_wakeup+0x19/0x160
smp_apic_timer_interrupt+0x6a/0x130
apic_timer_interrupt+0xf/0x20
</IRQ>
Moreover, if the suspend duration of the virtual machine is not long enough
to trigger a hard lockup in this scenario, since commit 98c25ead5eda
("KVM: VMX: Move preemption timer <=> hrtimer dance to common x86"), KVM
will continue using the software timer until the guest reprograms the APIC
timer in some way. Since the periodic timer does not require frequent APIC
timer register programming, the guest may continue to use the software
timer in
---truncated--- |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
ip6_gre: make ip6gre_header() robust
Over the years, syzbot found many ways to crash the kernel
in ip6gre_header() [1].
This involves team or bonding drivers ability to dynamically
change their dev->needed_headroom and/or dev->hard_header_len
In this particular crash mld_newpack() allocated an skb
with a too small reserve/headroom, and by the time mld_sendpack()
was called, syzbot managed to attach an ip6gre device.
[1]
skbuff: skb_under_panic: text:ffffffff8a1d69a8 len:136 put:40 head:ffff888059bc7000 data:ffff888059bc6fe8 tail:0x70 end:0x6c0 dev:team0
------------[ cut here ]------------
kernel BUG at net/core/skbuff.c:213 !
<TASK>
skb_under_panic net/core/skbuff.c:223 [inline]
skb_push+0xc3/0xe0 net/core/skbuff.c:2641
ip6gre_header+0xc8/0x790 net/ipv6/ip6_gre.c:1371
dev_hard_header include/linux/netdevice.h:3436 [inline]
neigh_connected_output+0x286/0x460 net/core/neighbour.c:1618
neigh_output include/net/neighbour.h:556 [inline]
ip6_finish_output2+0xfb3/0x1480 net/ipv6/ip6_output.c:136
__ip6_finish_output net/ipv6/ip6_output.c:-1 [inline]
ip6_finish_output+0x234/0x7d0 net/ipv6/ip6_output.c:220
NF_HOOK_COND include/linux/netfilter.h:307 [inline]
ip6_output+0x340/0x550 net/ipv6/ip6_output.c:247
NF_HOOK+0x9e/0x380 include/linux/netfilter.h:318
mld_sendpack+0x8d4/0xe60 net/ipv6/mcast.c:1855
mld_send_cr net/ipv6/mcast.c:2154 [inline]
mld_ifc_work+0x83e/0xd60 net/ipv6/mcast.c:2693 |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
ipv4: Fix reference count leak when using error routes with nexthop objects
When a nexthop object is deleted, it is marked as dead and then
fib_table_flush() is called to flush all the routes that are using the
dead nexthop.
The current logic in fib_table_flush() is to only flush error routes
(e.g., blackhole) when it is called as part of network namespace
dismantle (i.e., with flush_all=true). Therefore, error routes are not
flushed when their nexthop object is deleted:
# ip link add name dummy1 up type dummy
# ip nexthop add id 1 dev dummy1
# ip route add 198.51.100.1/32 nhid 1
# ip route add blackhole 198.51.100.2/32 nhid 1
# ip nexthop del id 1
# ip route show
blackhole 198.51.100.2 nhid 1 dev dummy1
As such, they keep holding a reference on the nexthop object which in
turn holds a reference on the nexthop device, resulting in a reference
count leak:
# ip link del dev dummy1
[ 70.516258] unregister_netdevice: waiting for dummy1 to become free. Usage count = 2
Fix by flushing error routes when their nexthop is marked as dead.
IPv6 does not suffer from this problem. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
net: stmmac: fix the crash issue for zero copy XDP_TX action
There is a crash issue when running zero copy XDP_TX action, the crash
log is shown below.
[ 216.122464] Unable to handle kernel paging request at virtual address fffeffff80000000
[ 216.187524] Internal error: Oops: 0000000096000144 [#1] SMP
[ 216.301694] Call trace:
[ 216.304130] dcache_clean_poc+0x20/0x38 (P)
[ 216.308308] __dma_sync_single_for_device+0x1bc/0x1e0
[ 216.313351] stmmac_xdp_xmit_xdpf+0x354/0x400
[ 216.317701] __stmmac_xdp_run_prog+0x164/0x368
[ 216.322139] stmmac_napi_poll_rxtx+0xba8/0xf00
[ 216.326576] __napi_poll+0x40/0x218
[ 216.408054] Kernel panic - not syncing: Oops: Fatal exception in interrupt
For XDP_TX action, the xdp_buff is converted to xdp_frame by
xdp_convert_buff_to_frame(). The memory type of the resulting xdp_frame
depends on the memory type of the xdp_buff. For page pool based xdp_buff
it produces xdp_frame with memory type MEM_TYPE_PAGE_POOL. For zero copy
XSK pool based xdp_buff it produces xdp_frame with memory type
MEM_TYPE_PAGE_ORDER0. However, stmmac_xdp_xmit_back() does not check the
memory type and always uses the page pool type, this leads to invalid
mappings and causes the crash. Therefore, check the xdp_buff memory type
in stmmac_xdp_xmit_back() to fix this issue. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
mptcp: fallback earlier on simult connection
Syzkaller reports a simult-connect race leading to inconsistent fallback
status:
WARNING: CPU: 3 PID: 33 at net/mptcp/subflow.c:1515 subflow_data_ready+0x40b/0x7c0 net/mptcp/subflow.c:1515
Modules linked in:
CPU: 3 UID: 0 PID: 33 Comm: ksoftirqd/3 Not tainted syzkaller #0 PREEMPT(full)
Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (Q35 + ICH9, 2009), BIOS 1.16.3-debian-1.16.3-2~bpo12+1 04/01/2014
RIP: 0010:subflow_data_ready+0x40b/0x7c0 net/mptcp/subflow.c:1515
Code: 89 ee e8 78 61 3c f6 40 84 ed 75 21 e8 8e 66 3c f6 44 89 fe bf 07 00 00 00 e8 c1 61 3c f6 41 83 ff 07 74 09 e8 76 66 3c f6 90 <0f> 0b 90 e8 6d 66 3c f6 48 89 df e8 e5 ad ff ff 31 ff 89 c5 89 c6
RSP: 0018:ffffc900006cf338 EFLAGS: 00010246
RAX: 0000000000000000 RBX: ffff888031acd100 RCX: ffffffff8b7f2abf
RDX: ffff88801e6ea440 RSI: ffffffff8b7f2aca RDI: 0000000000000005
RBP: 0000000000000000 R08: 0000000000000005 R09: 0000000000000007
R10: 0000000000000004 R11: 0000000000002c10 R12: ffff88802ba69900
R13: 1ffff920000d9e67 R14: ffff888046f81800 R15: 0000000000000004
FS: 0000000000000000(0000) GS:ffff8880d69bc000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000
CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033
CR2: 0000560fc0ca1670 CR3: 0000000032c3a000 CR4: 0000000000352ef0
Call Trace:
<TASK>
tcp_data_queue+0x13b0/0x4f90 net/ipv4/tcp_input.c:5197
tcp_rcv_state_process+0xfdf/0x4ec0 net/ipv4/tcp_input.c:6922
tcp_v6_do_rcv+0x492/0x1740 net/ipv6/tcp_ipv6.c:1672
tcp_v6_rcv+0x2976/0x41e0 net/ipv6/tcp_ipv6.c:1918
ip6_protocol_deliver_rcu+0x188/0x1520 net/ipv6/ip6_input.c:438
ip6_input_finish+0x1e4/0x4b0 net/ipv6/ip6_input.c:489
NF_HOOK include/linux/netfilter.h:318 [inline]
NF_HOOK include/linux/netfilter.h:312 [inline]
ip6_input+0x105/0x2f0 net/ipv6/ip6_input.c:500
dst_input include/net/dst.h:471 [inline]
ip6_rcv_finish net/ipv6/ip6_input.c:79 [inline]
NF_HOOK include/linux/netfilter.h:318 [inline]
NF_HOOK include/linux/netfilter.h:312 [inline]
ipv6_rcv+0x264/0x650 net/ipv6/ip6_input.c:311
__netif_receive_skb_one_core+0x12d/0x1e0 net/core/dev.c:5979
__netif_receive_skb+0x1d/0x160 net/core/dev.c:6092
process_backlog+0x442/0x15e0 net/core/dev.c:6444
__napi_poll.constprop.0+0xba/0x550 net/core/dev.c:7494
napi_poll net/core/dev.c:7557 [inline]
net_rx_action+0xa9f/0xfe0 net/core/dev.c:7684
handle_softirqs+0x216/0x8e0 kernel/softirq.c:579
run_ksoftirqd kernel/softirq.c:968 [inline]
run_ksoftirqd+0x3a/0x60 kernel/softirq.c:960
smpboot_thread_fn+0x3f7/0xae0 kernel/smpboot.c:160
kthread+0x3c2/0x780 kernel/kthread.c:463
ret_from_fork+0x5d7/0x6f0 arch/x86/kernel/process.c:148
ret_from_fork_asm+0x1a/0x30 arch/x86/entry/entry_64.S:245
</TASK>
The TCP subflow can process the simult-connect syn-ack packet after
transitioning to TCP_FIN1 state, bypassing the MPTCP fallback check,
as the sk_state_change() callback is not invoked for * -> FIN_WAIT1
transitions.
That will move the msk socket to an inconsistent status and the next
incoming data will hit the reported splat.
Close the race moving the simult-fallback check at the earliest possible
stage - that is at syn-ack generation time.
About the fixes tags: [2] was supposed to also fix this issue introduced
by [3]. [1] is required as a dependence: it was not explicitly marked as
a fix, but it is one and it has already been backported before [3]. In
other words, this commit should be backported up to [3], including [2]
and [1] if that's not already there. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
net: rose: fix invalid array index in rose_kill_by_device()
rose_kill_by_device() collects sockets into a local array[] and then
iterates over them to disconnect sockets bound to a device being brought
down.
The loop mistakenly indexes array[cnt] instead of array[i]. For cnt <
ARRAY_SIZE(array), this reads an uninitialized entry; for cnt ==
ARRAY_SIZE(array), it is an out-of-bounds read. Either case can lead to
an invalid socket pointer dereference and also leaks references taken
via sock_hold().
Fix the index to use i. |
